{"_meta":{"country":"Colombia","urlToken":"co","currency":"COP","distanceUnit":"km","annualKm":12000,"asOf":"2026-07-02","note":"Kernel-ready Colombia data (metric: km-as-miles + mpg=100/(L/100km) → COP). Electricity = 900 COP/kWh, the ESTRATO 4 full unsubsidised residential tariff — the honest EV-charging anchor. We deliberately DO NOT use the cheaper subsidised estrato 1/2/3 tiers because above the subsistence block (≈130 kWh cold / 173 kWh warm) ALL estratos pay the full tariff, so any real home EV charge sits at the full rate regardless of estrato; quoting a subsidised tier would flatter the EV. Sourced: GlobalPetrolPrices 841.35 COP/kWh (Sep-2025) cross-checked vs Enel-Codensa/EPM 2026 published residential tariffs (~825-900; coast Air-e/Afinia 900-1,150). Single petrol fuel modeled = Corriente gasoline (4,186.6 COP/L; GlobalPetrolPrices 25-May-2026, TradingEconomics-corroborated); diesels DROPPED because the kernel costs one petrol price and a diesel row at the petrol price would be dishonest. INCENTIVES modeled amountLocal:0 (never added to any total): Colombia's headline benefit is a STRUCTURAL sticker gap — pure EVs enter DUTY-FREE (0% arancel) while Decreto 1432/2025 RAISED the ICE import tariff 35%->40% — NOT a cash rebate; plus Ley 1964/2019 caps EV departmental vehicle tax at ≤1% and grants SOAT/pico-y-placa relief (also kept out of headline TCO to keep the comparison fair). BEV residual curve set DELIBERATELY pessimistic: no public Colombia 5yr BEV retention series exists, and Tesla's late-2025 entry triggered a 2026 price war (20%+ cuts on 32 models) that both drives the current post-cut MSRPs used here AND drags used BEV values; anchored against strong Toyota HEV/ICE Colombian retention (Semana/UsadosRenting: 40-60% total loss over 5yr; Toyota ~75-80% @3yr) — flagged ESTIMATE, not fabricated. Efficiency figures (kWh/100km, L/100km) are model specs, not Colombian homologation — ESTIMATE per row. maintenancePerMile & insuranceAnnual = kernel powertrain defaults adapted from the es sibling market (no CO-specific figure sourced) — proxy, flagged not fabricated; SOAT gives EVs a documented 10% discount but full comprehensive premiums are unsourced. Annual road/vehicle tax NOT modeled in headline TCO (would apply unequally by commercial value; kept out so the comparison stays fair). All prices native COP, sourced — no FX conversion applied. Sources accessed 2026-06-30.","fleetExpansion2026_07":"+14 models added 2026-07-02: per-country Opus research, independently re-verified (price + efficiency re-fetched from official sources) before inclusion; calcOnly entries are calculator-selectable without dedicated pages.","luxuryExpansion2026_07":"+4 luxury models 2026-07-02 (per-country Opus research, independently re-verified; exotics excluded by policy)."},"rate":{"name":"Colombia","electricityRatePerKWh":900,"gasPricePerGallon":4186.6,"fuelPerLitre":4186.6,"baseRegFee":0,"evRoadUseFee":0,"dieselPerLitre":2980,"dieselSource":"MinHacienda/CREG: ACPM $11,282 COP/gal (13 principal cities, stable July 2026) = 2,980 COP/L"},"assumptions":{"chargingLossPct":{"value":0.12},"residualRetention":{"BEV":[1,0.68,0.54,0.43,0.34,0.27,0.22,0.17,0.13,0.1,0.08],"HEV":[1,0.8,0.71,0.63,0.57,0.52,0.47,0.42,0.38,0.34,0.3],"PHEV":[1,0.76,0.65,0.58,0.53,0.48,0.43,0.39,0.35,0.32,0.28],"ICE":[1,0.8,0.71,0.63,0.56,0.51,0.46,0.41,0.37,0.33,0.29]},"maintenancePerMile":{"BEV":41.6667,"ICE":83.3333,"HEV":71.4286,"PHEV":77.3809},"insuranceAnnual":{"BEV":2600000,"ICE":2000000,"PHEV":2300000,"HEV":2000000},"regFeesAnnualBase":{"value":0},"publicVsHomeRateMultiple":{"value":2.5}},"incentives":[{"name":"EV import duty exemption (0% arancel) + ICE tariff hike 35%→40%","amountLocal":0,"status":"active","note":"Decreto 1432 de 2025 (MinComercio, 24-Dec-2025) RAISED the import tariff on gasoline & diesel cars from 35% to 40% (petrol motorcycles 30%→35%), while pure electric vehicles continue to enter DUTY-FREE (0% arancel). This is NOT a cash rebate paid to the buyer — it is a structural widening of the ICE-vs-EV sticker gap at the border. Effect was immediate: Colombia EV sales +171% Q1-2026 (helped also by lower rates + the Tesla price war). Modeled amountLocal:0 — never added into any headline total; shown only for context to explain why EV stickers are competitive vs ICE. Source: Decreto 1432/2025; ColombiaOne 08-Apr-2026; trade.gov Colombia import tariffs. Confirm current terms before purchase."},{"name":"EV/hybrid tax relief — vehicle tax ≤1%, 10% SOAT discount, no pico y placa (Ley 1964/2019)","amountLocal":0,"status":"active","note":"Ley 1964 de 2019: pure EVs pay an annual departmental vehicle tax (impuesto sobre vehículos automotores) capped at 1% of commercial value (vs progressive 1.5-3.5% for ICE), receive a 10% SOAT discount, reduced/zero IVA and exemption from pico y placa driving restrictions. Modeled amountLocal:0 — the annual road/vehicle tax is not in the kernel's headline TCO (applied unequally by value it would need a per-vehicle calc; we keep it out so the comparison stays fair) and the EV advantage is noted qualitatively only. Source: MinEnergía; MinAmbiente beneficios-tributarios; RSM Colombia. Confirm current terms before purchase."}],"regionRows":[],"vehicles":[{"id":"renault-kwid-e-tech","slug":"renault-kwid-e-tech","name":"Renault Kwid E-Tech (Techno)","year":2026,"powertrain":"BEV","msrp":72990000,"segment":"A-city BEV","range":298,"kwhPer100mi":14.7,"kwhPer100km":14.7,"effDisplay":"14.7 kWh/100km"},{"id":"byd-seagull","slug":"byd-seagull","name":"BYD Seagull (Dolphin Mini)","year":2026,"powertrain":"BEV","msrp":78990000,"segment":"A/B-city BEV","range":305,"kwhPer100mi":13,"kwhPer100km":13,"effDisplay":"13.0 kWh/100km"},{"id":"gac-aion-ut","slug":"gac-aion-ut","name":"GAC Aion UT","year":2026,"powertrain":"BEV","msrp":80900000,"segment":"B-hatch BEV","range":420,"kwhPer100mi":13.5,"kwhPer100km":13.5,"effDisplay":"13.5 kWh/100km"},{"id":"mg-s5-ev","slug":"mg-s5-ev","name":"MG S5 EV","year":2026,"powertrain":"BEV","msrp":94900000,"segment":"C-SUV BEV","range":425,"kwhPer100mi":16,"kwhPer100km":16,"effDisplay":"16.0 kWh/100km"},{"id":"mg4-ev","slug":"mg4-ev","name":"MG4 EV (Standard)","year":2026,"powertrain":"BEV","msrp":99900000,"segment":"C-hatch BEV","range":350,"kwhPer100mi":16.5,"kwhPer100km":16.5,"effDisplay":"16.5 kWh/100km"},{"id":"tesla-model-3-rwd","slug":"tesla-model-3-rwd","name":"Tesla Model 3 (RWD)","year":2026,"powertrain":"BEV","msrp":109990000,"segment":"D-sedan BEV","range":520,"kwhPer100mi":14,"kwhPer100km":14,"effDisplay":"14.0 kWh/100km"},{"id":"kia-ev3","slug":"kia-ev3","name":"Kia EV3 (Standard)","year":2026,"powertrain":"BEV","msrp":119000000,"segment":"C-SUV BEV","range":436,"kwhPer100mi":15,"kwhPer100km":15,"effDisplay":"15.0 kWh/100km"},{"id":"tesla-model-y-rwd","slug":"tesla-model-y-rwd","name":"Tesla Model Y (RWD)","year":2026,"powertrain":"BEV","msrp":119990000,"segment":"D-SUV BEV","range":466,"kwhPer100mi":15.5,"kwhPer100km":15.5,"effDisplay":"15.5 kWh/100km"},{"id":"byd-dolphin","slug":"byd-dolphin","name":"BYD Dolphin","year":2026,"powertrain":"BEV","msrp":124900000,"segment":"C-hatch BEV","range":427,"kwhPer100mi":15.9,"kwhPer100km":15.9,"effDisplay":"15.9 kWh/100km"},{"id":"renault-kwid-gasolina","slug":"renault-kwid-gasolina","name":"Renault Kwid (1.0 Intens gasolina)","year":2026,"powertrain":"ICE","msrp":55990000,"segment":"A-city hatch","range":null,"mpg":20.408,"lPer100km":4.9,"effDisplay":"4.9 L/100km"},{"id":"chevrolet-onix-sedan-lt","slug":"chevrolet-onix-sedan-lt","name":"Chevrolet Onix Sedan LT (auto)","year":2026,"powertrain":"ICE","msrp":79990000,"segment":"B-sedan","range":null,"mpg":17.241,"lPer100km":5.8,"effDisplay":"5.8 L/100km"},{"id":"toyota-corolla-cross-gasolina","slug":"toyota-corolla-cross-gasolina","name":"Toyota Corolla Cross (SEG 2.0 gasolina)","year":2026,"powertrain":"ICE","msrp":148500000,"segment":"C-SUV","range":null,"mpg":13.514,"lPer100km":7.4,"effDisplay":"7.4 L/100km"},{"id":"toyota-corolla-cross-hev","slug":"toyota-corolla-cross-hev","name":"Toyota Corolla Cross Híbrido (SEG HEV)","year":2026,"powertrain":"HEV","msrp":155200000,"segment":"C-SUV","range":null,"mpg":21.739,"lPer100km":4.6,"effDisplay":"4.6 L/100km"},{"id":"renault-duster-gasolina","slug":"renault-duster-gasolina","name":"Renault Duster (1.6 Zen gasolina)","year":2026,"powertrain":"ICE","msrp":85990000,"segment":"B-SUV","mpg":15.385,"lPer100km":6.5,"effDisplay":"6.5 L/100km"},{"id":"kia-k3","slug":"kia-k3","name":"Kia K3 (Desire MT sedán)","year":2026,"powertrain":"ICE","msrp":79990000,"segment":"C-sedan","mpg":16.129,"lPer100km":6.2,"effDisplay":"6.2 L/100km"},{"id":"kia-picanto","slug":"kia-picanto","name":"Kia Picanto (Vibrant MT)","year":2026,"powertrain":"ICE","msrp":57990000,"segment":"A-city hatch","mpg":17.857,"lPer100km":5.6,"effDisplay":"5.6 L/100km"},{"id":"mazda-cx-30","slug":"mazda-cx-30","name":"Mazda CX-30 (Touring AT 2.0)","year":2026,"powertrain":"ICE","msrp":112600000,"segment":"C-SUV","mpg":14.493,"lPer100km":6.9,"effDisplay":"6.9 L/100km"},{"id":"byd-yuan-up","slug":"byd-yuan-up","name":"BYD Yuan Up (GS)","year":2026,"powertrain":"BEV","msrp":99990000,"segment":"B-SUV BEV","range":401,"kwhPer100mi":12.2,"kwhPer100km":12.2,"effDisplay":"12.2 kWh/100km"},{"id":"kia-sportage-hev","slug":"kia-sportage-hev","name":"Kia Sportage (Zenith HEV)","year":2026,"powertrain":"HEV","msrp":176990000,"segment":"C-SUV","mpg":16.667,"lPer100km":6,"effDisplay":"6.0 L/100km"},{"id":"ford-territory-hev","slug":"ford-territory-hev","name":"Ford Territory (Trend HEV)","year":2026,"powertrain":"HEV","msrp":148990000,"segment":"C-SUV","mpg":18.182,"lPer100km":5.5,"effDisplay":"5.5 L/100km"},{"id":"suzuki-swift","slug":"suzuki-swift","name":"Suzuki Swift (GL MT)","year":2026,"powertrain":"ICE","msrp":72990000,"segment":"B-hatch","mpg":22.727,"lPer100km":4.4,"effDisplay":"4.4 L/100km","calcOnly":true},{"id":"kia-stonic","slug":"kia-stonic","name":"Kia Stonic (Desire MT)","year":2026,"powertrain":"ICE","msrp":91990000,"segment":"B-SUV","mpg":16.949,"lPer100km":5.9,"effDisplay":"5.9 L/100km","calcOnly":true},{"id":"renault-logan","slug":"renault-logan","name":"Renault Logan (Life+ 1.6)","year":2026,"powertrain":"ICE","msrp":67990000,"segment":"B-sedan","mpg":15.625,"lPer100km":6.4,"effDisplay":"6.4 L/100km","calcOnly":true},{"id":"renault-kardian","slug":"renault-kardian","name":"Renault Kardian (Evolution 1.6 MT)","year":2026,"powertrain":"ICE","msrp":79990000,"segment":"B-SUV","mpg":15.152,"lPer100km":6.6,"effDisplay":"6.6 L/100km","calcOnly":true},{"id":"mazda-2-sedan","slug":"mazda-2-sedan","name":"Mazda 2 (Sedán Touring AT)","year":2026,"powertrain":"ICE","msrp":83950000,"segment":"B-sedan","mpg":16.949,"lPer100km":5.9,"effDisplay":"5.9 L/100km","calcOnly":true},{"id":"mazda-cx-5","slug":"mazda-cx-5","name":"Mazda CX-5 (Touring 2.0 AT)","year":2026,"powertrain":"ICE","msrp":140200000,"segment":"D-SUV","mpg":13.514,"lPer100km":7.4,"effDisplay":"7.4 L/100km","calcOnly":true},{"id":"toyota-land-cruiser-prado-gasolina","slug":"toyota-land-cruiser-prado-gasolina","name":"Toyota Land Cruiser Prado (TX 2.4 gasolina 4x4)","year":2026,"powertrain":"ICE","msrp":314500000,"segment":"E-SUV","mpg":10.526,"lPer100km":9.5,"effDisplay":"9.5 L/100km","calcOnly":true},{"id":"bmw-x3-20-xdrive-edicion-m","slug":"bmw-x3-20-xdrive-edicion-m","name":"BMW X3 20 xDrive Edición M","year":2026,"powertrain":"ICE","msrp":289900000,"segment":"D-SUV","mpg":13.333,"lPer100km":7.5,"effDisplay":"7.5 L/100km"},{"id":"mercedes-benz-glc-300-4matic","slug":"mercedes-benz-glc-300-4matic","name":"Mercedes-Benz GLC 300 4MATIC","year":2026,"powertrain":"ICE","msrp":299900000,"segment":"D-SUV","mpg":13.699,"lPer100km":7.3,"effDisplay":"7.3 L/100km"},{"id":"audi-q3-suv-dynamic-mhev","slug":"audi-q3-suv-dynamic-mhev","name":"Audi Q3 SUV Dynamic MHEV","year":2026,"powertrain":"ICE","msrp":209900000,"segment":"C-SUV","mpg":15.152,"lPer100km":6.6,"effDisplay":"6.6 L/100km"},{"id":"volvo-ex30-core-e60","slug":"volvo-ex30-core-e60","name":"Volvo EX30 Core E60","year":2026,"powertrain":"BEV","msrp":204990000,"segment":"B/C-SUV BEV","range":480,"kwhPer100mi":13.3,"kwhPer100km":13.3,"effDisplay":"13.3 kWh/100km"},{"id":"chevrolet-tracker-ls-turbo-1-2-at","slug":"chevrolet-tracker-ls-turbo-1-2-at","name":"Chevrolet Tracker LS Turbo 1.2 AT","year":2026,"powertrain":"ICE","msrp":100990000,"segment":"SUV","_source":"fleet-wave1 verified: El Carro Colombiano (2026-facelift launch price list), corroborated by Motor.com.co, MercadoLibre blog and Autos de Primera (LS AT exactly COP 100,990,000) (asOf 2025-09-24, conf med)","mpg":13.158,"lPer100km":7.6,"effDisplay":"7.6 L/100km"},{"id":"toyota-hilux-d-c-sr-2-4-diesel-4x4-mt","slug":"toyota-hilux-d-c-sr-2-4-diesel-4x4-mt","name":"Toyota Hilux D.C. SR 2.4 Diesel 4x4 MT","year":2026,"powertrain":"ICE","msrp":216600000,"segment":"pickup","_source":"fleet-wave1 verified: Alborautos (official Toyota dealer MY2026 price list); Yokomotor and Novamotors list identical 216,600,000 (asOf 2026-07-07, conf high)","mpg":11.111,"lPer100km":9,"effDisplay":"9 L/100km","fuelType":"Diesel"},{"id":"nissan-frontier-euro-6-s-4x4-at-diesel","slug":"nissan-frontier-euro-6-s-4x4-at-diesel","name":"Nissan Frontier Euro 6 S 4x4 AT (Diesel)","year":2026,"powertrain":"ICE","msrp":189990000,"segment":"pickup","_source":"fleet-wave1 verified: Nissan Colombia official site (desde price, base = Frontier Euro 6 S 4X4 AT); Autocosmos shows desde 194,990,000 (2.6% delta) (asOf 2026-07-07, conf high)","mpg":11.111,"lPer100km":9,"effDisplay":"9 L/100km","fuelType":"Diesel"},{"id":"toyota-corolla-xli-1-8-hev-sedan","slug":"toyota-corolla-xli-1-8-hev-sedan","name":"Toyota Corolla XLI 1.8 HEV (sedan)","year":2026,"powertrain":"HEV","msrp":109900000,"segment":"sedan","_source":"fleet-wave1 verified: Toyota Colombia official configurator version page (price valid to 2026-06-30); Novamotors and Sanautos dealers corroborate (asOf 2026-06-30, conf high)","mpg":22.222,"lPer100km":4.5,"effDisplay":"4.5 L/100km"},{"id":"volkswagen-t-cross-trendline-170-tsi-mt","slug":"volkswagen-t-cross-trendline-170-tsi-mt","name":"Volkswagen T-Cross Trendline 170 TSI MT","year":2026,"powertrain":"ICE","msrp":86990000,"segment":"SUV","_source":"fleet-wave1 verified: Volkswagen Colombia official site (verified live) + Colwagen dealer at identical 86,990,000 (asOf 2026-07-07, conf high)","mpg":17.241,"lPer100km":5.8,"effDisplay":"5.8 L/100km"},{"id":"renault-stepway-intens-cvt","slug":"renault-stepway-intens-cvt","name":"Renault Stepway Intens CVT","year":2026,"powertrain":"ICE","msrp":86630000,"segment":"hatchback","_source":"fleet-wave1 verified: Renault Colombia official versiones-y-precios page fetched live (precio sugerido 86,630,000) corroborated by Sanautos Renault at identical figure - verifier-corrected; original 83,490,000 was a dealer/promo price (Caribe Motor) (asOf 2026-07-07, conf high)","mpg":11.765,"lPer100km":8.5,"effDisplay":"8.5 L/100km"},{"id":"nissan-versa-sense-mt-3rd-gen","slug":"nissan-versa-sense-mt-3rd-gen","name":"Nissan Versa Sense MT (3rd gen)","year":2026,"powertrain":"ICE","msrp":75990000,"segment":"sedan","_source":"fleet-wave1 verified: Autos de Primera new-generation Colombia launch article (2026-06-06) with full trim price table; El Carro Colombiano independently confirms Sense MT at 75,990,000 (asOf 2026-06-06, conf med)","mpg":17.857,"lPer100km":5.6,"effDisplay":"5.6 L/100km"},{"id":"suzuki-fronx-glx-mt-hibrida-mild-hybrid","slug":"suzuki-fronx-glx-mt-hibrida-mild-hybrid","name":"Suzuki Fronx GLX MT Hibrida (mild hybrid)","year":2026,"powertrain":"ICE","msrp":102990000,"segment":"crossover","_source":"fleet-wave1 verified: Suzuki Autos Colombia official importer product page (list 102,990,000; bono to 95,990,000 valid Jul 1-31 2026); Vehigrupo and Ayurauto dealers corroborate (asOf 2026-07-07, conf high)","mpg":19.231,"lPer100km":5.2,"effDisplay":"5.2 L/100km"}],"_license":"EVCostIQ data compilation © 2026 EVCostIQ. Sourced & dated figures for personal planning use. Bulk extraction / redistribution of the compilation is prohibited; database/compilation rights asserted (UK/EU sui generis). Attribution required.","_attribution":{"name":"EVCostIQ","url":"https://evcostiq.com","methodology":"https://evcostiq.com/methodology/"},"_canonicalUrl":"https://evcostiq.com/data/co/en.json","_canary":{"note":"Provenance watermark (documented). Not a data figure — do not use in calculations. Identical sentinel in EVCostIQ source = proof of origin.","sentinel":"f20eb4e05a46d61c","asOf":"2026-07-01"}}